Feminization of teaching profession in Kazakhstan: causes and implications
Keywords:
feminization, teachers’ status, gender inequality, discrimination.Abstract
The purpose of this article is to examine the issues of feminization of teaching profession in Kazakhstan using results of a research project conducted by the Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Education and Faculty of Education of Cambridge University. The article considers low level of monthly wage rates for teachers and traditional gendered division of labour in Kazakh society as main causes of ffeemmiinization of teaching, and discusses lack of male role models, negative impact upon boys’ educational attainment and consolidation of gender inequality in the society as possible implications of the feminization.
References
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№33:4. – P. 40-46.
10. Skelton C. Male primary teachers and perceptions of masculinity // Educational Review. – 2003. – №55:2. – P. 195-209.
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1. Bank B.J. (ed.). Gender and education: an encyclopedia. – Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2007. – P. 861
2. Skelton C. The ‘feminisation of schooling’ or ‘re-masculinising’ primary education? // International Studies in Sociology of Education – 2002. – №12:1. – P. 77-96.
3. Grifths M. The feminization of teaching and the practice of teaching: threat or opportunity? // Educational Theory – 2006.
– №56:4. – P. 387-405.
4. Basten C. A feminised profession: women in the teaching profession // Educational Studies. – №23:1. – P. 55-62.
5. Agenstvo Respubliki Kazakhstan po statistike. Dnevnye obsheobrazovatelniye shkoly v Respublike Kazakhstan na nachala 2013/2014 uchebnogo goda. http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=WC16200012971 (data obrasheniya: 21.07.2014).
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7. Agenstvo Respubliki Kazakhstan po statistike. Zarabotnaya plata rabotnikov po professiyam (dolzhnostyam) v otdelnyh vi- dah ekonomicheskoi deyatelnosti Respubliki Kazakhstan v 2013 g. http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT071942 (data obrasheniya: 21.07.2014).
8. Bondarenko R.A. Gendernyi aspect reform obrazovaniya v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny // Elektronniy nauchno- obrazovatelniy zhurnal VGPU «Grani poznaniya». – 2009. – №3(4). – http://grani.vspu.ru/les/publics/52_st.pdf (data ob- rasheniya 16.07.2014).
9. Fu S. Initial exploration of the phenomenon of the feminization of teachers // Chinese Education and Society. – 2000. –
№33:4. – P. 40-46.
10. Skelton C. Male primary teachers and perceptions of masculinity // Educational Review. – 2003. – №55:2. – P. 195-209.
11. Lahelma E. Lack of male teachers: a problem for students or teachers? // Pedagogy, Culture & Society. – 2000. – №8:2. – P. 173-186.
12. Sabbe E., Aelterman, A. Gender in teaching: a literature review // Teachers and teaching: theory and practice. – 2007. –
№13:5. – P. 521-538.
13. Carrington B., McPhee A. Boys’ ‘underachievement’ and the feminization of teaching // Journal of Education for Teaching: International research and pedagogy. – 2008. – №34:2. – P. 109-120.
14. Brownhill S. ‘Build me a male role model!’ A critical exploration of the perceived qualities/characteristics of men in the early years (0-8) in England // Gender and Education. – 2014. – №26:3. – P. 246-261.
15. OECD. Education GPS. Country prole. Kazakhstan. Student performance (PISA 2012) http://gpseducation.oecd.org/Count ryProle?primaryCountry=KAZ&treshold=10&topic=PI (Дата обращения: 24.07.2014 г.).
16. Aryn E.M. O socialnom statuse pedagoga v Respubike Kazakhstan // Vestnik PGU (Pedagogicheskaya). – 2011. – – №1. – S. 9-17.
17. Belova N.A. Zarabotnaya plata sovetskih uchitelei v 1920-1960-ye gg. // aroslavskiy pedagogicheskiy vestnik (Gumani- tarniye nauki). – 2011. – Т. 1. – №1. – S. 36-38.
18. Kelleher F. Women and the teaching profession. Exploring the feminisation debate. – Paris: UNESCO, 2011. – P. 242.
19. Drudy S. Gender balance/gender bias: the teaching profession and the impact of feminisation // Gender and Education. – 2008. – №20:4. – P. 309-323.
20. Fraser N. After the family wage: a postindustrial thought experiment. In: Fraser N. Justice interrupts: critical reflections on the «postsocialist» condition. – New ork: Routledge, 1997. – P. 256.
2. Skelton C. The ‘feminisation of schooling’ or ‘re-masculinising’ primary education? // International Studies in Sociology of Education – 2002. – №12:1. – P. 77-96.
3. Grifths M. The feminization of teaching and the practice of teaching: threat or opportunity? // Educational Theory – 2006.
– №56:4. – P. 387-405.
4. Basten C. A feminised profession: women in the teaching profession // Educational Studies. – №23:1. – P. 55-62.
5. Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Дневные общеобразовательные школы в Республике Казахстан на начало 2013/2014 учебного года. http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=WC16200012971 (дата обращения: 21.07.2014 г.).
6. Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Женщины и мужчины Казахстана 2008-2012. Статистический сбор- ник. http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=WC16200033559 (Дата обращения: 16.07.2014 г.).
7. Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Заработная плата работников по профессиям (должнос- тям) в отдельных видах экономической деятельности Республики Казахстан в 2013г. http://www.stat.gov.kz/ getImg?id=ESTAT071942 (дата обращения: 21.07.2014 г.).
8. Бондаренко Р.А. Гендерный аспект реформ образования в годы Великой Отечественной войны // Электронный науч- но-образовательный журнал ВГПУ «Грани познания». – 2009. – №3(4). – http://grani.vspu.ru/les/publics/52_st.pdf (да- та обращения: 16.07.2014 г.).
9. Fu S. Initial exploration of the phenomenon of the feminization of teachers // Chinese Education and Society. – 2000. –
№33:4. – P. 40-46.
10. Skelton C. Male primary teachers and perceptions of masculinity // Educational Review. – 2003. – №55:2. – P. 195-209.
11. Lahelma E. Lack of male teachers: a problem for students or teachers? // Pedagogy, Culture & Society. – 2000. – №8:2. – P. 173-186.
12. Sabbe E., Aelterman, A. Gender in teaching: a literature review // Teachers and teaching: theory and practice. – 2007. –
№13:5. – P. 521-538.
13. Carrington B., McPhee A. Boys’ ‘underachievement’ and the feminization of teaching // Journal of Education for Teaching: International research and pedagogy. – 2008. – №34:2. – P. 109-120.
14. Brownhill S. ‘Build me a male role model!’ A critical exploration of the perceived qualities/characteristics of men in the early years (0-8) in England // Gender and Education. – 2014. – №26:3. – P. 246-261.
15. OECD. Education GPS. Country prole. Kazakhstan. Student performance (PISA 2012) http://gpseducation.oecd.org/Count ryProle?primaryCountry=KAZ&treshold=10&topic=PI (Дата обращения: 24.07.2014 г.).
16. Арын Е.М. О социальном статусе педагога в Республике Казахстан // Вестник ПГУ (Педагогическая). – 2011. – №1.
– С. 9-17.
17. Белова Н.А. Заработная плата советских учителей в 1920-1960-е гг. // Ярославский педагогический вестник (Гумани- тарные науки). – 2011. – Т. 1. – №1. – С. 36-38.
18. Kelleher F. Women and the teaching profession. Exploring the feminisation debate. – Paris: UNESCO, 2011. – P. 242.
19. Drudy S. Gender balance/gender bias: the teaching profession and the impact of feminisation // Gender and Education. – 2008. – №20:4. – P. 309-323.
20. Fraser N. After the family wage: a postindustrial thought experiment. In: Fraser N. Justice interrupts: critical reflections on the «postsocialist» condition. – New ork: Routledge, 1997. – P. 256.
1. Bank B.J. (ed.). Gender and education: an encyclopedia. – Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2007. – P. 861
2. Skelton C. The ‘feminisation of schooling’ or ‘re-masculinising’ primary education? // International Studies in Sociology of Education – 2002. – №12:1. – P. 77-96.
3. Grifths M. The feminization of teaching and the practice of teaching: threat or opportunity? // Educational Theory – 2006.
– №56:4. – P. 387-405.
4. Basten C. A feminised profession: women in the teaching profession // Educational Studies. – №23:1. – P. 55-62.
5. Agenstvo Respubliki Kazakhstan po statistike. Dnevnye obsheobrazovatelniye shkoly v Respublike Kazakhstan na nachala 2013/2014 uchebnogo goda. http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=WC16200012971 (data obrasheniya: 21.07.2014).
6. Agenstvo Respubliki Kazakhstan po statistike. Zhenshiny i muzhchiny Kazakhstana 2008-2012. Statisticheskiy sbornik. http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=WC16200033559 (data obrasheniya 16.07.2014).
7. Agenstvo Respubliki Kazakhstan po statistike. Zarabotnaya plata rabotnikov po professiyam (dolzhnostyam) v otdelnyh vi- dah ekonomicheskoi deyatelnosti Respubliki Kazakhstan v 2013 g. http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT071942 (data obrasheniya: 21.07.2014).
8. Bondarenko R.A. Gendernyi aspect reform obrazovaniya v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny // Elektronniy nauchno- obrazovatelniy zhurnal VGPU «Grani poznaniya». – 2009. – №3(4). – http://grani.vspu.ru/les/publics/52_st.pdf (data ob- rasheniya 16.07.2014).
9. Fu S. Initial exploration of the phenomenon of the feminization of teachers // Chinese Education and Society. – 2000. –
№33:4. – P. 40-46.
10. Skelton C. Male primary teachers and perceptions of masculinity // Educational Review. – 2003. – №55:2. – P. 195-209.
11. Lahelma E. Lack of male teachers: a problem for students or teachers? // Pedagogy, Culture & Society. – 2000. – №8:2. – P. 173-186.
12. Sabbe E., Aelterman, A. Gender in teaching: a literature review // Teachers and teaching: theory and practice. – 2007. –
№13:5. – P. 521-538.
13. Carrington B., McPhee A. Boys’ ‘underachievement’ and the feminization of teaching // Journal of Education for Teaching: International research and pedagogy. – 2008. – №34:2. – P. 109-120.
14. Brownhill S. ‘Build me a male role model!’ A critical exploration of the perceived qualities/characteristics of men in the early years (0-8) in England // Gender and Education. – 2014. – №26:3. – P. 246-261.
15. OECD. Education GPS. Country prole. Kazakhstan. Student performance (PISA 2012) http://gpseducation.oecd.org/Count ryProle?primaryCountry=KAZ&treshold=10&topic=PI (Дата обращения: 24.07.2014 г.).
16. Aryn E.M. O socialnom statuse pedagoga v Respubike Kazakhstan // Vestnik PGU (Pedagogicheskaya). – 2011. – – №1. – S. 9-17.
17. Belova N.A. Zarabotnaya plata sovetskih uchitelei v 1920-1960-ye gg. // aroslavskiy pedagogicheskiy vestnik (Gumani- tarniye nauki). – 2011. – Т. 1. – №1. – S. 36-38.
18. Kelleher F. Women and the teaching profession. Exploring the feminisation debate. – Paris: UNESCO, 2011. – P. 242.
19. Drudy S. Gender balance/gender bias: the teaching profession and the impact of feminisation // Gender and Education. – 2008. – №20:4. – P. 309-323.
20. Fraser N. After the family wage: a postindustrial thought experiment. In: Fraser N. Justice interrupts: critical reflections on the «postsocialist» condition. – New ork: Routledge, 1997. – P. 256.
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Published
2014-10-28
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Section
Sociology
